Effects of Vitamin C on Chemotherapy Outcome | Claim Review

Effects of Vitamin C on Chemotherapy Outcome Claim check intoMedia Claim on Vitamin C gives chemotherapy a boost The headline Vitamin C gives chemotherapy a boost suggested by a US scientist was a guide and inaccurate enunciatement as the canvas was looking at specific at late stage ovarian crabmeat. From the poll, scientists did non find high venereal infection of vitamin C help with back military positioncer endurance nor simplification the lay on the line of malignant neoplastic disease (Ma and Chapman et al., 2014). Yet, the training did show that in that location was a slight run across of reduce minor chemotherapy side takings. Therefore, the study has been oversimplified and misinterprets issuances and statements which can lead to assumptions from general usual mis appreciation this article resulting in toxicity of vitamin C when overdosed. Overdose of vitamin C can lead to other problems and health disease such(prenominal) as indigestion, diarrhea and iro n poisoning which only occurs in people who crap r atomic number 18 iron overload disorders hemochromatosis (Zobel, 1976), lack of vitamin C in the diet can overly cause scurvy (Naidu,2003).Vitamin C gives chemotherapy a boost was published in BBC Health website on 9th February 2014, written by Helen Briggs and scholarship editor. Comments were from Dr Jeanne Drisko, lead searcher Qi Chen and Dr Kat Arnet science communications manager for cancer Research UK. The claim is based on a study that was carried emerge by researchers from University of Kansas in the US and origination cancer research fund (WCRF) and American Institute for cancer research (AICR). The article itself was published in the peer-reviewed journal, Science Translation Medicine. pubic louse is a condition where specific stalls in parts of the body grow and make uncontrollably and forming tumours. Cancer cells can invade and destroy surrounding bouncing tissue and organs (King and Rotter et al., 1992). C ancer may also pass step up to more distant parts of the body through the lymphatic dodge or bloodstream (Mendelsohn, 2008). Many factors stool been identified which can maturation risk of cancer such as tobacco use, dietary intake, received infections, environmental radiation, lack of physical exercise, obesity and genetics which potentially can damage genes and causes mutation in cells (Kushi and Byers et al., 2006). Many researchers get hold of found that on that point ar over 200 diametric types of cancer cells (Schram and Ng, 2012). However, according to Jemal and cranch et al., 2011, many cancers can be saveed by living healthier bread and butter styles, one of the factors is diminution excess smoking which can preclude the risk of getting lungs cancer, plus eating plenty of fresh vegetable and fruits, and reducing the intake of meat and carbohydrates can anticipate other health factors such as obesity.Ovarian cancer is where cancer cells argon found in ovaries. However, the exact causes of cancer still remain unknown (Hunn and Rodriguez, 2012). Women who have had menopause and have not had any children would have a higher chance of developing ovarian cancer (Vo and Carney, 2007). However, ovarian cancer can relate all ages. There are three types of ovarian cancer epithelial ovarian cancer germ cell tumours and stromal tumours (Bandera and Era, 2005). The outmatch and effective handling for ovarian cancer are the combination of surgery and chemotherapy, all treatments are depending on the stages of cancer (Ehrlich and Teitelbaum et al., 2007).Vitamin C also known as ascorbic irate acts as an antioxidant an oxidative stress an enzyme cofactor for the biosynthesis, also most importantly vitamin C acts an electron donor for enzymes (Vobecky and Shapcott et al., 1975). Acting as an antioxidant prevents free radicals during oxidation answer to form chain reactions in cells which can damage or get the better of cells. Instead, antioxidant interacts with those chain reactions by removing free radicals and inhibits other oxidation reactions in the cells, protect against lip peroxidation, reducing nitrates and stimulating the immune system (Bender, 1993). Vitamin C has also shown to inhibit formation of carcinogens and protects DNA from mutagenic attack and most vitamin C is found in critic fruits (Combs, 2012).Furthermore, Ma and Chapman et al., 2014 stated that the study was looking if vitamin C could potentially be a cancer treatment and the study was mainly looking into women who are in their late stage ovarian cancer. BBCs report on this study was miscellaneous as there were or so bias comments towards the study, but BBC did include some accurate quotes from the study such as the sample size only 22 patients were participated which showed that the study was not reliable as the sample size was too comminuted to prove whether vitamin C helped to kill cancer cells or increase survival rate (Park, 2013). Moreover, the title Vitamin C gives chemotherapy a boost was misleading as the study found no supportive evidences that vitamin C can prevent cancer, only can inhibit some mechanisms and reduce the risk of cancer development (Ma and Chapman et al., 2014). However, the study did show that vitamin C may reduce side effects from treatment for women, yet, the sample size was too small which was ineffectual to support the outcome. However, the expert from the study quoted that in order to find out if high-dose vitamin C has an effect on cancer cells, further studies and large clinical trials are needed to ensure safety and effectiveness (Ma and Chapman et al., 2014).Additionally, BBC may have been over analysed the press release from the University itself, as it claimed that Researchers establish benefits of high-dose vitamin C for ovarian cancer patients. This statement was supported via Park, 1985s research which stated that vitamin c is involved in the mechanism of action of the intracellular o xidation state changes which is an identification of genes or protein synthesis.. This suggested that vitamin C has the ability to regulate specific cellular phenotypes which potentially could improve the efficacy of cancer therapies. Nevertheless, the report stated that the vitamin C treatment worked along with standard chemotherapy drugs which slow down tumour outgrowth in mouse studies, not gracious. Therefore, the benefits of high-dose vitamin C for cancer cells cannot be interpreted into account collectable to the fact that benevolent and mouse have different types of genes and intracellular mechanism (Park, 1985). As a result, there are not any beneficial effects on human, but there are beneficial effects on mouse.In addition, within the small base of patients that were time-tested on, they have found fewer side-effects when vitamin C was given out along with the chemotherapy. According to WCRF and AICRs report on diet and ovarian cancers, it showed that vitamin C has no effect on ovarian cancer which do not decrease nor increase the risk of cancer. However, according to Part 2 evidence and judgements and Part three Recommendations chapter twelve- public health goals and personal recommendations from WCRF and AICR, it suggested that the universe should consumption an average of non-starchy vegetables and of fruits to be at least 600g (21 oz) daily. This is because there are evidences that diets high in vegetable and fruits could protect against oesophagus cancer not ovarian cancer (Mikirova and Casciari et al., 2012).According to BBC, the researchers injected vitamin C into human ovarian cancer cells as well as mice in the science laboratory conditions. BBC stated that researchers found ovarian cancer cells were to be sensitive to vitamin C treatment, but normal cells were unharmed (De Laurenzi and Melino et al., 1995). High dosage of vitamin C could prevent cancer was originally suggested by chemist and double Nobel Prize superior Linus Pauling in 1970s in which the clinical trial was abandoned due to failed to replicate the expected results to the theory behind vitamin C and cancer (Cameron and Pauling, 1979). The method used in the study was by injecting vitamin C straight into the bloodstream as it is safer, can be effective, low-cost (Head, 1998). The rate at which human body excrete vitamin C through oral ingestion is a lot faster than by injection through bloodstream (Cameron and Pauling, 1979). Furthermore, patients were not completely blind tested as most of them knew what they were given vitamin C and placebo, therefore, many physiological effects have been taken into account toward the depth psychology of results.In conclusion, due to lack of supportive evidences, vitamin C has no pregnant back story in supporting the evidence of beneficial effect on ovarian cancer even though from the study some beneficial effects did show on mice. Furthermore, the clinical trial was tested unfairly as participants knew about the comparison test with placebo, which might have had effected the results, in which the results are not accurate and reliable as the sample size was consisting of 22 participants. Nevertheless, the study did find moderate result from patients who have taken parts in the vitamin C trials as a result, vitamin C might reduce the side effects of chemotherapy.ReferencesBandera and Era, C. A. 2005. Advances in the understanding of risk factors for ovarian cancer. The ledger of reproductive medicine, 50 (6), pp. 399406.Bender, D. A. 1993. An introduction to nutriment and metabolism. London UCL Press.Cameron, E. and Pauling, L. 1979. Cancer and vitamin C.Combs, G. F. 2012. The vitamins. Amsterdam Elsevier/Academic Press.De Laurenzi, V., Melino, G., Savini, I., Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli, M., Finazzi-Agro, A. and Avigliano, L. 1995. Cell death by oxidative stress and ascorbic acid regeneration in human neuroectodermal cell lines. European Journal of Cancer, 31 (4), pp. 463466.Ehrlich, P. F., Teitelbaum, D. H., Hirschl, R. B. and Rescorla, F. 2007. Excision of large cystic ovarian tumors combining minimal invasive surgery techniques and cancer surgerythe best of both worlds. Journal of pediatric surgery, 42 (5), pp. 890893.Head, K. 1998. Ascorbic acid in the legal community and treatment of cancer. Alternative medicine review a journal of clinical therapeutic, 3 (3), pp. 174186.Hunn, J. and Rodriguez, G. C. 2012. Ovarian cancer etiology, risk factors, and epidemiology. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 55 (1), pp. 323.Jemal, A., Bray, F., Center, M. M., Ferlay, J., Ward, E. and Forman, D. 2011. Global cancer statistics. CA a cancer journal for clinicians, 61 (2), pp. 6990.King, R. A., Rotter, J. I. and Motulsky, A. G. 1992. The Genetic footing of common diseases. New York Oxford University Press.Kushi, L. H., Byers, T., Doyle, C., B, Era, E. V., Mccullough, M., Gansler, T., Andrews, K. S. and Thun, M. J. 2006. American Cancer golf-club Guidelines on Nutrition a nd Physical Activity for cancer prevention reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. CA a cancer journal for clinicians, 56 (5), pp. 254281.Ma, Y., Chapman, J., Levine, M., Polireddy, K., Drisko, J. and Chen, Q. 2014. High-Dose Parenteral Ascorbate Enhanced Chemosensitivity of Ovarian Cancer and Reduced Toxicity of Chemotherapy. Science translational medicine, 6 (222), pp. 2221822218.Mendelsohn, J. 2008. The molecular basis of cancer. Philadelphia, PA Saunders/Elsevier.Mikirova, N., Casciari, J., Rogers, A., Taylor, P. and Others. 2012. Effect of high-dose intravenous vitamin C on inflammation in cancer patients. J Transl Med, 10 p. 189.Naidu, K. A. 2003. Vitamin C in human health and disease is still a mystery? An overview. Nutrition Journal, 2 (1), p. 7.Park, C. H. 1985. biologic nature of the effect of ascorbic acids on the growth of human leukemic cells. Cancer research, 45 (8), pp. 39693973.Park, S. 2013. The effects of high concentrations of vitamin C on cancer cells. Nutrients, 5 (9), pp. 34963505.Schram, F. R. and Ng, P. K. 2012. What is Cancer?. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 32 (4), pp. 665672.Vo, C. and Carney, M. E. 2007. Ovarian cancer hormonal and environmental risk effect. Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 34 (4), pp. 687700.Vobecky, J., Vobecky, J., Shapcott, D., Cloutier, D., Lafond, R. and Blanchard, R. 1975. Vitamins C and E in spontaneous abortion. International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin-und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition, 46 (3), pp. 291296.WCRF- AICR Diet and Cancer Report. 2014. online Available at http//www.dietandcancerreport.org/cancer_resource_center/downloads/chapters/chapter_12.pdf Accessed 10 Mar 2014.Zobel, M. 1976. Toxicological Evaluation of Some fodder Additives Including Anticaking Agents, Antimicrobials, Antioxidants, Emulsifiers and Thickening Agents. Who Food Additives Series, No. 5. 520 Seiten. Geneva 1974. Preis Sw. fr. 23,. Food/Nahrung, 20 (6), pp. 681682.